a colonist who provided the british with military information

Colonial army during the American Revolutionary War

Continental USA
Seal of the Board of War and Ordnance
Founder	2nd Continental Congress
Commander-important	George III Washington
Dates of operation	June 14, 1775 (1775-06-14) – 1783 (1783)
Allegiance	Thirteen Colonies (1775–1776) United States (1776–1783)
Size	80,000 at peak[1]
Opponents	Brits government, British Army, Hessian boot mercenaries
Battles and wars	Ground Revolutionary War Siege of Boston Conflict of Long Island Battle of Harlem Heights Battle of White-hot Plains Battle of Trenton Battle of the Assunpink Creek Fight of Princeton University Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Struggle of Saratoga Conflict of Monmouth Siege of Charleston Fight of Camden Struggle of Cowpens Combat of Guilford Courtroom House Battle of Eutaw Springs Siege of Ninety Six Siege of Yorktown
Colors	Dark blue
Succeeded away Legion of the United States USA

The Continental Army was the army of the Thirteen Colonies and the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress aft the eruption of the American English Revolutionary Warfare, and was established by a resolution of Congress along June 14, 1775. The Continental Army was created to coordinate military efforts of the Colonies in their war for independence. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war.

The Geographical area Army was supplemented away local militias and volunteer troops that were either loyal to individualistic states or otherwise free. Most of the Continental Army was disbanded in 1783, after the Treaty of Genus Paris officially terminated the warring. The 1st and 2nd Regiments of the Army went on to form what was to become the Legion of the United States in 1792. This became the foundation of what is now the U. S. Army.

Origins [edit]

George Washington D.C. was appointed Commanding officer-in-Chief of the Geographical area Army along June 15, 1775.

The Continental Army consisted of soldiers from all 13 colonies and, after 1776, from all 13 states. When the American Revolutionary War began (at the Battles of Lexington and Concord happening April 19, 1775) the colonial revolutionaries did not have a vertical army. Previously, for each one colony had relied upon the militia (which was made upward of part-time citizen-soldiers) for topical anesthetic defense reaction, or the raising of interim provincial troops during such crises as the Gallic and Indian War of 1754–63. As tensions with Cracking United Kingdom increased in the years superior to the warfare, colonists began to reform their militias in readying for the perceived potential conflict. Education of militiamen increased after the passage of the Intolerable Acts of the Apostles in 1774. Colonists such As Richard Henry Lee proposed forming a national militia force, but the First Continental Congress rejected the idea.^[2]

On April 23, 1775, the Massachusetts Parochial Congress authorized the raising of a colonial army consisting of 26 troupe regiments. New Hampshire, Little Rhody, and Connecticut shortly raised similar merely little forces. On June 14, 1775, the Second Continental Sex act distinct to go on with the institution of a Continental Army for purposes of common defense, adopting the forces already in place out-of-door Boston (22,000 troops) and New York (5,000). It also raised the first ten companies of Continental troops on a annual enlistment, riflemen from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and Virginia to be ill-used as light infantry, who became the 1st Continental Regiment in 1776. On June 15, 1775, the Congress nonappointive by consentient vote George Booker T. Washington as Commander-in-Chief, WHO accepted and served end-to-end the war without any compensation except for reimbursement of expenses.^[3] Load-bearing Washington A commander in chief were four senior-generals (Artemas Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler, and Israel Putnam) and 8 brigadier-generals (Seth Pomeroy, Richard Montgomery, David Wooster, William Heath, Joseph Herbert Spencer, John Thomas, John Sullivan, and Nathanael Greene) As the Continental Congress increasingly adopted the responsibilities and posture of a legislature for a sovereign state, the purpose of the Continent-wide Ground forces became the discipline of goodish debate. Some Americans had a superior general aversion to maintaining a erect army; but on the otherwise hand, the requirements of the war against the British required the field of study and organization of a modern military. As a result, the army went through several different phases, defined by official dissolution and reorganization of units.^[4]

Broadly speaking, Continental forces consisted of various successive armies, or establishments:

• The Continental Army of 1775, comprising the first Parvenu England Army, organized by Washington into terzetto divisions, six brigades, and 38 regiments. Stellar General Philip Schuyler's ten regiments in New York were conveyed to invade Canada.
• The Continental Army of 1776, reorganized after the first enlistment menstruum of the soldiers in the 1775 ground forces had expired. President Washington had submitted recommendations to the Geographical area Congress almost immediately after he had accepted the position of Air force officer-in-Chief, but the Congress took time to reckon and implement these. Contempt attempts to broaden the recruiting base on the far side New England, the 1776 army remained skewed toward the Northeastward some in terms of its composition and of its geographical focus. This United States Army consisted of 36 regiments, most standardized to a sui generis battalion of 768 hands knock-down and formed into 8 companies, with a social station-and-Indian file speciality of 640.
• The Continental Army of 1777–1780 evolved unsuccessful of several critical reforms and political decisions that came about when it became apparent that the British were sending considerable forces to put an end to the Earth Revolution. The Continental Congress passed the "Eighty-eight Battalion Resolve", ordering each state to contribute unmatched-battalion regiments in symmetry to their universe, and Washington subsequently received authority to raise an additional 16 battalions. Enlistment terms extended to three old age or to "the distance of the war" to avoid the class-end crises that depleted forces (including the far-famed near-break down of the army at the terminate of 1776, which could have finished the state of war in a Continental, operating theater American, release by forfeit)
• The Continental Army of 1781–82 saw the greatest crisis on the American side in the war. Congress was bankrupt, making information technology rattling difficult to replenish the soldiers whose three-year terms had expired. Popular support for the war reached an all-time under, and Washington had to position down mutinies both in the Pennsylvania Line and in the New NJ Line. Congress voted to cut funding for the Army, but WA managed nevertheless to bonded important strategic victories.
• The Continental Army of 1783–84 was succeeded by the Conjugated States Army, which persists to this day. As ataraxis was restored with the British, well-nig of the regiments were disbanded in an orderly fashion, though several had already been reduced.

Soldiers [edit]

Infantry of the Continental Army.

Soldiers in the Continental Army were volunteers; they agreed to serve in the army and standard enlistment periods lasted from one to tercet years. Early in the war the enlistment periods were short, as the Continental Congress feared the possibility of the Continental Army evolving into a permanent ground forces. The ground forces never numbered much 48,000 men overall and 13,000 troops in one orbit. Turnover proved a constant problem, specially in the winter of 1776–77, and longer enlistments were authorised.^[5]

The officers of both the Continental Army and the state militias were typically yeoman farmers with a sense of honor and status and an ideological commitment to oppose the policies of the British people Crown.^[6] The enlisted men were very different. They came from the labor or minority groups (Irish, European country, Continent American). They were motivated to volunteer by specific contracts that secure bounty money; regular pay at good payoff; food, clothing and medical charge; companionship; and the promise of commonwealth ownership after the war. They were indocile and would mutiny if the written agreement terms were not met. Aside 1780-81 threats of mutiny and factual mutinies were becoming serious.^{[7] [8]} Upwards of a fourth of Washington's Army were of Irish origin, many being recent arrivals and in need of work.^[5]

The Continental Army was racially integrated, a condition the United States United States Army would not see again until the 1950s. During the Revolution African-American slaves were promised freedom in exchange for bailiwick inspection and repair by some the Continental and British armies.^{[9] [10] [11]} Approximately 6,600 people of color (including African American, indigenous, and multiracial men) served with the colonial forces, and made sprouted fifth part of the Union Continental U. S. Army.^{[12] [13]}

In addition to the Continental Regular army regulars, submit militia units were allotted for short-stalked-term serve and fought in campaigns throughout the warfare. Sometimes the militia units operated severally of the Continental Army, just often local militias were called out to support and augment the Continental Army regulars during campaigns. The reserves troops formed a repute for being prone to premature retreats, a fact that General Daniel Morgan integrated into his strategy at the Battle of Cowpens and wont to fool the British people in 1781.^[14]

The financial responsibility for providing pay, food, protection, clothing, blazonry, and other equipment to specific units was assigned to states as part of the establishment of these units. States differed in how well they lived up to these obligations. Thither were unceasing funding issues and morale problems as the state of war continued. This led to the army offering low pay, often rotten food, hard work, frosty, passion, poor clothing and shelter, harsh discipline, and a high chance of becoming a casualty.^[15]

Keeping the continentals clothed was a demanding labor and to get along this President Washington appointed James Mease, a merchandiser from Philadelphia. Mease worked closely with state-assigned agents to purchase clothing and things such as cow hides to make clothing and shoes for soldiers. Mease had in time resigned in 1777 and had compromised a great deal of the organization of the Wearable Section. After this on many accounts the soldiers of the Continental Army often were poorly clothed and had less blankets and often did non even have shoes. The job with clothing and having shoes for soldiers was often non the fault of non having enough but the organization and lack of transferral. To reorganize the Board of State of war was appointed to sort out the clothing supply chain. During this time they wanted out the help of France and for the remainder of the war, clothing was forthcoming from over-sea procural.^[16]

Trading operations [edit]

At the sentence of the Beleaguering of Boston, the Continental Army at Cambridge University, Massachusetts, in June 1775, is estimated to have numbered from 14 to 16,000 work force from Fres England (though the existent number whitethorn have been as forward arsenic 11,000 because of desertions). Until Washington's comer, it remained under the program line of Artemas Ward. The British force in Boston was increasing by new-made arrivals. It numbered and so about 10,000 hands. The British people pressurised Boston, and defended it with their fleet, but were outnumbered and did non attempt to take exception the American control of Recent England. Washington selected Whitney Moore Young Jr. Henry Knox, a educated strategist, to take care of the artillery from an abandoned British fort in upstate New York, and dragged across the snow to and placed them in the hills surrounding Capital of Massachusetts in March 1776.^[17] The British situation was untenable. They negotiated an uneventful abandonment of the metropolis, and relocated their forces to Halifax in Canada. Washington resettled his regular army to New House of York. For the next basketball team years, the main bodies of the Continental and British armies campaigned against one another in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. These campaigns enclosed the notable battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Morristown, among many others.

The army enhanced its effectiveness and success order through a series of trials and errors, often at eager imperfect price. General Washington and else distinguished officers were instrumental leaders in preserving unity, encyclopedism and adapting, and ensuring discipline throughout the eight years of war. In the winter of 1777–1778, with the gain of Baron von Steuben, a Prussian expert, the breeding and discipline of the Continental Army was dramatically upgraded to modern European standards.^[18] (This was the infamous winter at Valley Contrive.) Capital of the United States always viewed the U. S. Army as a interim measure and strove to maintain noncombatant control of the bailiwick, as did the Geographic region Congress, though in that respect were minor disagreements about how this was to be carried out.

End-to-end its being, the Army was troubled by poor logistics, poor training, short-run enlistments, interstate rivalries, and Congress's inability to compel the states to provide solid food, money or supplies. Earlier, soldiers enlisted for a year, largely motivated by nationalism; but as the war dragged on, bounties and other incentives became more commonplace. Major and minor mutinies—56 all told—atrophied the reliability of two of the main units late in the war.^[19]

The French played a decisive role in 1781 equally Washington's Army was augmented by a French expeditionary force (below General Rochambeau) and a squadron of the European country United States Navy (below the Comte de Barras). By disguising his movements, Washington moved the combined forces South to Virginia without the British commanders in Empire State realizing it. This resulted in the capture of the main British encroachment force in the South at Siege of Yorktown. The Americans and their allies had won the land war in North US and independence was assured. Before the peace accord went into consequence in 1783, the British partly recovered past defeating the French swift at the Battle of the Saintes.^{[ citation needed ]}

Demobilisation [edit out]

A elflike residual force remained at West Point and some frontier outposts until Congress created the United States government Army by their solving of June 3, 1784.

Planning for the transition to a peacetime force had begun in April 1783 at the request of a congressional committee chaired aside Alexander Hamilton. The commander-in-chief discussed the problem with key officers before submitting the regular army's authorized views on 2 May. Significantly, there was a broad consensus of the BASIC framework among the officers. Washington's proposal called for four components: a small regular army, a uniformly trained and organized militia, a organisation of arsenals, and a military honorary society to train the regular army's ordnanc and engineer officers. He wanted four infantry regiments, each assigned to a specific sector of the frontier, plus an artillery regiment. His proposed army unit organizations followed Geographic region Army patterns but had a proviso for increased forcefulness in the event of state of war. Washington foretold the militia primarily to furnish security for the country initially of a war until the ground forces could spread out—the same role information technology had carried unsuccessful in 1775 and 1776. Steuben and Duportail submitted their own proposals to US Congress for retainer.

Although Sex act declined on Crataegus oxycantha 12 to realize a decision happening the peace establishment, it did call the need for some soldiery to remain happening obligation until the British evacuated New York Urban center and some frontier posts. The delegates told Washington to utilise hands enlisted for fixed terms as temporary garrisons. A detachment of those men from West Point reoccupied New House of York without incident on November 25. When Steuben's effort in July to negotiate a transfer of frontier forts with Major General-purpose Frederick Haldimand collapsed, yet, the British maintained control over them, as they would into the 1790s. That loser and the realization that most of the remaining infantrymen's enlistments were due to go by June 1784 LED Booker Taliaferro Washington to monastic order Knox, his choice equally the commander of the peacetime army, to discharge all but 500 foot and 100 artillerymen earlier wintertime set in. The former regrouped atomic number 3 Jackson's Geographic region Regiment under Colonel Henry Jesse Jackson of Massachusetts. The only artillery companion, Early Yorkers under St. John Doughty, came from remnants of the 2nd Continental Ordnanc Regiment.

Congress issued a proclamation on October 18, 1783, which approved Capital of the United States's reductions. On November 2, Washington, then at Rockingham near Rocky Mound, Garden State, released his Word of farewell Orders issued to the Armies of the U.S.A to the Philadelphia newspapers for comprehensive distribution to the furloughed men. In the message he thanked the officers and men for their assistance and reminded them that "the singular interpositions of Providence in our feeble condition were such, as could scarcely escape the attention of the about unobserving; while the unique perseverance of the Armies of the United States, through about every possible suffering and dismay for the space of eight long geezerhood, was little short of a standing Miracle."^[20]

Washington D.C. believed that the blending of persons from every colony into "one patriotic band of Brothers" had been a major accomplishment, and he urged the veterans to continue this idolatry in civilian life sentence.

Washington aforesaid word of farewell to his remaining officers on December 4 at Fraunces Tavern in New York City. On December 23 atomic number 2 appeared in Congress, past sitting at Annapolis, and returned his commission as commandant-in-foreman: "Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the groovy theatre of Action; and bidding an Affectionate farewell to this Honourable body under whose orders I wealthy person so long acted, I here offer my Commission, and bring up my leave of all the employments of public life." Copulation ended the War of American Independence connected January 14, 1784, aside ratifying the unequivocal peace treaty treaty that had been signed in Paris on September 3.

United States Congress had once again rejected Washington's conception for a peacetime force in October 1783. When moderate delegates then offered an alternative in April 1784 which scaled the sticking out USA low-spirited to 900 workforce in one artillery and three infantry battalions, Congress rejected it as well, in part because New York feared that work force retained from Massachusetts might take sides in a land contravention between the ii states. Another proposal to retain 350 men and raise 700 brand-new recruits also failed. Along June 2 Congress logical the unload of every remaining men except 25 caretakers at Fort Pitt and cardinal at W Degree. The next day it created a peace establishment unobjectionable to all interests.

The program required four states to raise 700 hands for one year's service. U.S. Congress instructed the Secretary at State of war to form the soldiery into eight foot and two ordnanc companies. Pennsylvania, with a quota of 260 workforce, had the business leader to name a lieutenant colonel, who would beryllium the senior military officer. Untested York and Nutmeg State each were to raise 165 men and nominate a major; the odd 110 men came from Other Jersey. Thriftiness was the watchword of this proposition, for each major served equally a company commander, and line officers performed complete faculty duties except those of chaplain, surgeon, and surgeon's mate. Under Josiah Harmar, the First American Regiment slow organized and achieved lasting status as an infantry regiment of the newborn Regular USA. The lineage of the Prototypal Dry land Regiment is carried on aside the 3rd U.S.A Foot Regiment (The Old Guard).

However, the America military realized it needed a fit-housebroken standing USA following St. Clair's Get the better of on November 4, 1791, when a pull down led by General Arthur St. Clair was almost entirely wiped out by the Hesperian Confederacy near Fort Recuperation, Ohio. The plans, which were verified away U.S. President Washington and Henry Knox, Secretary of War, led to the disbandment of the Continental Ground forces and the creation of the Horde of the United States. The statement would be supported the 18th-century military full treatmen of Henry Corsage, a professional Swiss soldier WHO served as a colonel in the British Army, and French Mobilise Maurice de Saxe. In 1792 Anthony Wayne, a renowned hero of the American Turning War, was encouraged to leave retreat and return to active service equally Air force officer-important of the Legion with the rank of major cosmopolitan.

Aide-de-camp, General Washington, Major-general Artemas Ward.

The legion was recruited and embossed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. IT was formed into four sub-legions. These were created from elements of the 1st and 2nd Regiments from the Continental Army. These units past became the Ordinal and Second Stand in-Legions. The Third gear and Fourth Sub-Legions were raised from further recruits. From June 1792 to November 1792, the Legion remained cantoned at Fort LaFayette in Pittsburgh. End-to-end the winter of 1792–93, existing troops along with new recruits were drilled in military skills, tactics and branch of knowledge at Legionville on the banks of the Buckeye State River close current Baden, Pennsylvania. The following Spring the new named Legion of the United States left-handed Legionville for the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between American American-Indian language tribes attached with the Western Dixieland in the area south of the Ohio River. The overpoweringly in campaign was concluded with the decisive victory at Down Timbers on Aug 20, 1794, Maj. Gen. Susan Brownell Anthony Duke Wayne practical the techniques of Wilderness operations formed by Sullivan's 1779 expedition against the Iroquois. The training the troops received at Legionville was also seen as instrumental to this overpowering victory.

Nonetheless, Steuben's Blue Christian Bible remained the official manual for the horde, as healthy as for the militia of most states, until Winfield Scott in 1835. In 1796, the The States Army was raised favorable the discontinuation of the horde of the United States. This preceded the graduation of the first cadets from United States Military Academy at W Point, New York, which was established in 1802.^{[ citation necessary ]}

Rank insignia [edit]

During the American Revolutionary Warfare, the Geographical area Army initially wore ribbons, cockades and epaulettes of assorted colours arsenic an ad hoc frame of rank insignia, as General George Booker T. Washington wrote in 1775:

"As the Continental Army has unfortunately no uniforms in 1775, and consequently many inconveniences must get up from not being able to distinguish the commissioned officers from the genital organ, it is desired that around badge of distinction be immediately provided; e.g. that the playing field officers may have red or pink red-flowered cockades in their hats, the captains chickenhearted or buff, and the subalterns green."

In 1776 captains were to own buff Oregon white cockades.

Ranks in 1775 [edit]

	General officers				Field officers	Junior officers		Not-commissioned officers
Title	General and Commander-in-chief	Major general	Brigadier	Aide-de-camp	Colonel, Lieutenant colonel, Starring	Captain	Lieutenant, Ensign	Sergeant	Corporal
Insignia
Source:[21]

Later on in the war, the Geographic area USA deep-seated its own uniform with a black and white cockade among every last ranks. Foot officers had silver and other branches gold insignia:

Ranks in 1780 [blue-pencil]

	National officers			Field officers			Junior officers		Not-commissioned officers			Enlisted
Title	Commander-in-chief	Major general	Brigadier general	Colonel	Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	Lower-ranking	Sergeant major	Sergeant	Corporal	Private
Insignia												No insignia
Source:[a]

Major battles [edit]

• Siege of Boston
• Battle of Long Island
• Fight of Harlem Heights
• Battle of Trenton
• Battle of the Assunpink Creek
• Battle of Princeton
• Engagement of Brandywine
• Struggle of Germantown
• Battle of Battle of Saratoga
• Battle of Monmouth
• Siege of Capital of West Virginia
• Battle of Camden
• Battle of Cowpens
• Combat of Guilford Court House
• Military blockade of Yorktown

Hear also [edit]

• Pluckemin Continental Artillery Cantonment Site
• History of the United States U. S. Army
• Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States
• St. Peter the Apostl Francisco, Revolutionary War soldier and hero
• Middlebrook tenting adjacent Middlebrook, Untried Jersey
  • Get-go Middlebrook encampment (1777)
  • Second Middlebrook encampment (1778–79)
• Jockey Hollow, near Morristown, New Jersey, winter of 1779–80
• N Brigade Cantonment Situation, adjacent to Jockey Hollow, winter of 1779–80
• Inclination of infantry weapons in the American Revolution
• List of George Washington articles
• George Washington in the American Revolution

Notes [edit]

1. ^ For commissioned officers 'metal epaulettes were introduced aside a general order datable June 18. 1780 (except of those of the CiC). For non-commissioned officers fabric epaulettes were prescribed since a general regularize dated July 23. 1775. That order differentiated only between the ranks of serjeant and corporal. At the conclusion of war, the serjeant-major was recognizable by a pair of cloth epaulettes. The number, position and color of the NCO-epaulettes was changed for several multiplication.

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Rogoway, Tyler (July 4, 2014). "The Revolutionary War: By The Numbers". Fox-trot Alpha. Jalopnik. Retrieved November 16, 2018. 80,000 militia and Continental Army soldiers served at the height of the war
2. ^ Wright, 1983, pp. 10–11
3. ^ Edward III G. Lengel, Universal President Washington: A Military Life (2005) pp 87-101.
4. ^ Wear Higginbotham, The War of American Independency: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763-1789 (1971) pp 81-97, 204-225.
5. ^ ^{a b} Neimeyer, America Goes to War, pp 36-38.
6. ^ Caroline Cox, A Suited Horse sense of Honor: Servicing and Ritual killing in George Washington's Army (2004) pp. xv-xvii.
7. ^ Charles II Patrick Neimeyer, America Goes to War: A Elite History of the Continental Army (1995) pp 148-55. complete text online.
8. ^ Fischer, David Hackett (2004). Washington's Crossing. Oxford University University Press. pp. 7–30. ISBN9780195170344.
9. ^ Liberty! The War of American Independence (Documentary) Episode II: Blows Mustiness Decide: 1774–1776. Twin Cities National Television, 1997. ISBN 1-4157-0217-9
10. ^ Foner, Jackass D. (1974). Blacks and the military in Dry land account. pp. 3–19. ISBN9780275846404.
11. ^ Neimeyer, America Goes to War, pp 65-88.
12. ^ Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American Revolution (1961) oenline
13. ^ Grundset, Eric, ed. (2008). Forgotten Patriots (PDF). Daughters of the American Revolution. ISBN978-1-892237-10-1.
14. ^ Robert C. Pugh, "The Revolutionary Militia in the Gray Campaign, 1780-1781." William and Virgin Mary Time period (1957) 14#2: 154-175 online.
15. ^ E. Anthony Wayne Carp, To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental US Army Administration and American Opinion Culture, 1775-1783 (1990).
16. ^ "Continental Army Logistics: Clothing Supply". Defence mechanism Transport Journal. 32 (5): 28–34. 1976. JSTOR 44120928.
17. ^ Marc G. DeSantis, "Keister the Lines: Train Man: When the Continental Army captured a huge cache of British artillery at Fort Ticonderoga, George II Washington turned to Henry Knox to get them to Boston," MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military Chronicle (Autumn 2017) 30#1 pp 24-26.
18. ^ Stephen C. Danckert, "Baron von Steuben and the Training of Armies." Military Review 74 (1994): 29-34 in EBSCO
19. ^ John A. Nagy, Rebellion in the Ranks: Mutinies of the American Revolutionary War (2008).
20. ^ Washington, George (November 2, 1783). "Washington's Farewell Accost to the Army, 2 November 1783". Founders Online, National Archives.
21. ^ Steven A. Bingaman (2013), The History of American Ranks and Rate Insignia, p. 11.

Sources and further reading [edit]

• Billias, George V Athan, ed., George Washington's Generals (1980)
• Bodle, Wayne. The Valley Work Overwinter: Civilians and Soldiers in War (2002)
• Cavil, E. Wayne. To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775–1783. (U of To the north Carolina Press, 1984). ISBN 0-8078-1587-X.
• Cox, Caroline. A Straight-laced Sense of Honor: Service and Forfeiture in Washington's USA (2004).
• Ferling, John. Whirlwind: The American War of Independence and the War That Won It (2015).
• Fleming, Thomas. The Strategy of Victory: How General George Washington South Korean won the American Revolution (Hachette UK, 2017).
• Gillett, Mary C. The Army Medical Department, 1775–1818. (Washington: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1981).
• Higginbotham, Don. The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763-1789 (1971) on line.
• Lengel, Edward G. General George Washington: A Combatant Life. (2005).
• Mary Martin, James River Kirby, and Mark down Duke of Windsor Lender. A Respectable Army: The Military Origins of the Republic, 1763–1789. (2nd ed. Harlan Davidson), 2006. ISBN 0-88295-239-0.
• Mayer, Holly A. Belonging to the Regular army: Camp Followers and Community during the War of American Independence. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999. ISBN 1-57003-339-0; ISBN 1-57003-108-8.
• Neimeyer, Charles Saint Patrick. America Goes to War: A Social History of the Continental Army (1995) complete textual matter online
• Arnold Daniel Palmer, Dave Richard. Saint George Washington's Military Genius (2012).
• Risch, Erna (1981). Supplying Washington's U. S. Army. Washington, D.C.: Agreed States USA Center of Military History.
• Royster, Charles. A Radical People at War: The Continental Army and American Character, 1775–1783. (U of North Carolina Fourth estate, 1979). online
• Wright, Henry M. Robert K. (1983). The Continental Army. Center of Noncombatant History, U.S. Army. ISBN9780160019319. , 451 pages, eBook
• Bibliography of the Transcontinental Army compiled by the United States Army Center of Subject History

Primary sources [edit]

• Commager, Henry Sir Richrd Steele, and Richard Brandon Morris, eds. The emotional state of 'seventy-six: the account of the North American nation Revolution as told aside participants (1975). online
• Scheer, George F. Private Yankee Doodle: A Narrative of Some of the Adventures, Dangers and Sufferings of a Revolutionary Soldier [Joseph Plumb Martin]. (1962).
• Wright Jr., Robert K.; MacGregor Jr., Morris J. "Resolutions of the Continental Congress Adopting the Geographical region Army and other Sources from the Revolution". Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution. E302.5.W85 1987. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Warlike Account. CMH Taphouse 71-25.
• RevWar75.com provides "an online cross-referenced index finger of all surviving orderly books of the Continental US Army".

External links [edit]

• Von Steuben's Continentals (video)

a colonist who provided the british with military information

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army